Symptoms and treatment of hypertension

According to the World Health Organization, hypertension is one of the most common diseases. Hypertension occurs in every third person, and is characterized by a high mortality rate in the severe stage. Only complex treatments that combine medications and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can be successful.

What is hypertension

Is hypertension a chronic disease, a pathology of the cardiovascular system. It develops as a result of disturbances in the work of the higher centers responsible for the function of blood vessels. Dangerous complications of hypertension and accompanied by internal diseases.

One of the main manifestations of this disease is high blood pressure (blood pressure), which decreases only after taking special and strong medications.

Hypertension refers to a pressure of 140/90 mm Hg. and higher if it is confirmed during two medical examinations.

Hypertension is divided into several types:

• Arterial hypertension is important,
• Symptomatic arterial hypertension,
• chronic hypertension,
• Vascular hypertension.

Symptomatic or secondary hypertension accounts for only 10% of all reported cases of the disease. Hypertensive syndrome - the second name of the disease - most often accompanies systemic lupus erythematosus, urolithiasis, renal anomalies and tumors, ischemia, toxicosis in late pregnancy, renal tuberculosis. Despite the fact that hypertension has no signs and characteristics of its own, it seriously exacerbates the underlying disease.

Essential hypertension is a disease -free form.

Chronic hypertension is usually caused by an excess of calcium in the blood, infectious diseases (turning into chronic), diabetes mellitus and heredity. It manifests itself in the form of nervousness, dementia, fatigue and weakness, frequent numbness of the arms and legs, speech disorders, left ventricular hypertrophy and frequent pain in the heart area.

How does hypertension develop?

The mechanism of development of hypertension is as follows: in response to stress factors, violations occur in the peripheral channels of tone regulation. The result is arteriolar spasm, and the formation of circulatory and discinetic syndromes. The secretion of neurohormones in the aldosterone system is significantly increased. This causes a delay in the vascular layer of sodium and water, which increases the amount of blood circulation and increases pressure. During the disease, blood viscosity also increases, which leads to a decrease in the rate of metabolic processes in tissues. The vessel walls increase in size, the gap between them narrows, which affects blood flow. The high level of resistance at the periphery makes the disease irreversible. As a result of increased permeability and impregnation of blood vessel walls with blood plasma, arteriosclerosis and ellastofibrosis develop, and this leads to serious changes in the tissues of some organs.

Spontaneously, hypertension cannot occur in humans. Typically, hypertension is preceded by vegetative-vascular dystonia (VD), which is often accompanied by varicose veins.

Varicose veins and related hypertension: increased vessel wall activity in SVD leads to a decrease in its diameter. The resistance of the vessel wall to blood flow increases, which increases blood pressure. Varicose veins are characterized by thickening of the vessel wall, the formation of pockets and narrowing inside, which interferes with normal blood flow. Diseased veins are no longer able to accommodate blood flow, which leads to the formation of edema in the tissues and chronic stagnation in the veins. This can turn into the development of gangrene, sepsis and even death.

Classification of diseases

Hypertensive diseases differ in the causes of increased pressure, organ damage, blood pressure levels and travel. The disease can be benign, or progressive slowly, or progressive rapidly - malignant. More important is the classification according to the level and stability of the pressure. Distinguish:

• Normal GB (up to 129/85 mm Hg),
• boundary (up to 140/90 mm Hg),
• grade 1 hypertension (up to 160/100 mm Hg),
• 2 degrees (up to 180/110 mm Hg),
• 3 degrees (over 180/110 mm Hg).

Benign hypertension has three stages. The first or mild is characterized by increased pressure up to 180 to 104 mm Hg, but after a short rest it returns to normal. Some people complain of headaches, sleep problems, fatigue, and decreased performance. However, in most cases, the mild stage persists without obvious individual symptoms.

The second or intermediate stage is characterized by pressures up to 200 to 115 mm Hg. resting. It is accompanied by intense and throbbing pain in the head, dizziness, pain in the heart area. During the examination, damage to the heart was detected. Occasionally subendocardial ischemia is detected. Cerebral stroke, temporary ischemia of the brain is possible.

The third or severe stage is accompanied by a steady and strong increase in pressure. At the beginning of the stage, the increase in pressure is intermittent, and usually manifests itself after physical exertion, as well as changes in atmospheric pressure, emotional turmoil. Normalization is possible after myocardial infarction or stroke. After a heart attack, headless hypertension often occurs. That is, a condition when only the systolic or pulse pressure decreases.

Causes of disease development

The cause of hypertension lies in the violation of the regulatory activity of the main parts of the central nervous system, which regulates the work of all internal organs. Frequent stress and too much work, both physical and mental, long-term, constant and strong agitation, stress can lead to development.

Working at night, often being in a noisy environment can also trigger illness.

Risk groups include lovers of salty foods. Salt causes arterial spasm and prevents fluid removal. An important role is played by descent. The likelihood of disease increases if hypertension is present in two or more siblings.

Some diseases also trigger the development of hypertension. This includes:

• Diseases of the adrenal glands and kidneys,
• thyroid disease,
• obese
• diabetes mellitus,
• Tonsillitis,
• Atherosclerosis.

Among women in the high -risk group, those in menopause. This is due to hormonal changes in the body, emotional bitterness, nervous reactions. During menopause, about 60% of all diseases in women occur.

In men, age and gender determine increased risk. Hypertension at the ages of 20 and 30 years develops in about 9% of men. At the age of 40, the percentage increases to 35, and after 65 years - already 50%. Hypertension is more common in men under the age of 40 than in women. In the older age group, the ratio changes - this is explained by the large percentage of male deaths due to complications.

The cause of hypertension lies in hypodynamics and bad habits. The components of tobacco smoke cause blood vessel spasm and damage the thin walls of arteries. Physical inactivity is accompanied by a slow metabolism, and in the event of an increase in load, the untrained heart becomes tired many times faster.

symptoms

Clinical hypertension in the early stages may be mild. A person for a long time may not be aware of the increase in pressure and the processes that develop in the vessel. The early and early signs of hypertension are irritability for no apparent reason and increased fatigue.

Symptoms of hypertension in the early stages: neurotic disorders, weakness, sleep disturbances, noise and ringing in the ears and dizziness, palpitations.

People noted a decrease in efficiency, loss of focus. There is shortness of breath. Headaches with hypertension appear more frequently in the morning in the temporal and occipital regions. Towards the end of the day and in the supine position may increase. They are associated with violations of the tone of the venules and arterioles. Symptoms of hypertension include pain in the heart area. This is due to the increased work of the heart muscle to overcome the increasing resistance. As a result, a separation occurs between the needs and abilities of the myocardium, leading to angina pectoris.

Signs of hypertension later in life are lids and flickering of "flies" in front of the eyes, as well as other photopsies. They are explained by spasm of the retinal arterioles. Malignant hypertension can be accompanied by bleeding in the retina, leading to blindness. In rare cases, symptoms of hypertension are manifested by vomiting, swelling of the hands and numbness of the fingers, chills, in the morning - heaviness in the eyelids and swelling of the face, excessive sweating.

Complications during hypertension

Complications of hypertension:

• hypertensive crisis,
• visual impairment,
• Circulatory disorders in the brain
• nephrosclerosis,
• subarachnoid hemorrhage,
• Dissecting an aortic aneurysm,
• bradikadia,
• Damage to target organs (kidneys, heart, brain, veins and arteries, fundus ducts),
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy (HLH, left ventricular hypertension)
• Hypertonic type angiodystonia.

Hypertensive crisis

First you need to understand what a hypertensive crisis is. The term refers to an acute and significant increase in blood pressure, which is accompanied by characteristic symptoms of the disease. In addition to hypertension, it can be provoked by:

• Chronic and acute glomerulonephritis,
• Toxicosis in late pregnancy,
• renovascular hypertension,
• benign brain tumors,
• heavy metal poisoning,
• Renal failure.

Crises can be caused by hormonal imbalances and sudden changes in the weather. One of the most common causes is trauma of a psycho-emotional nature. Symptoms: severe and severe headache, nausea with a desire to vomit, dizziness, fainting, short -term blindness and other visual disturbances, weakness, mood swings, tearing. Brain symptoms:

• vascular spasm,
• Violation of the permeability of the vascular wall,
• Entry of blood plasma into the medulla, leading to edema.

In the early stages of the disease, the crisis is mild and short -lived.

Dangers of crisis in possible development:

• retinal detachment,
• stroke,
• Acute pulmonary edema
• cardiac asthma,
• myocardial infarction,
• Angina.

Complications of hypertension pose a serious threat to human life, and require periodic monitoring by a physician.

Bradycadia

Frequent and dangerous complications of hypertension. It shows itself dependent on form. The mild form may go unnoticed. Severe, frequent and prolonged dizziness with hypertension may indicate a significant form of the disease. Also, symptoms include - a state of semi -unconsciousness and frequent fainting, sudden changes in pressure. The severe form is accompanied by fainting and short -term heart attacks. Treatment of bradycardia with hypertension can occur with homeopathic and medical remedies. Usually prescribed diuretics, alpha blockers, nifedicipin. From homeopathy, calendula, St. John's wort. John, strawberries, shaker set.

Complications include the following syndromes in hypertension:

• myocardial injury,
• kidney damage,
• vascular encephalopathy,
• Arterial hypertension syndrome.

Related clinical conditions: ischemic stroke, CHF, coronary revascularization, renal failure, arterial disease, papilledema.

Target organ damage

Heart

Often, left ventricular hypertrophy develops. This happens because the heart muscle has to push blood into the defective vessels with strenuous effort. Such work leads to thickening of muscle walls and lack of blood circulation. This is dangerous with muscle tension and heart fatigue. Another pathology is a violation of diastolic function lzh. Increasing heart muscle fatigue leads to moments when it is unable to take a relaxed position. The thickened wall cannot relax during the diastolic phase, where oxygen saturation usually occurs. All this leads to a third pathology - chronic deficiency. It develops as a result of constant oxygen starvation. It is very difficult to treat this disease, and in combination with other pathologies, it leads to death.

Ship

The arteries in hypertension are in a constant narrow state due to the contraction of the muscle layer. This leads to the fact that the vessels stop resting, and muscle tissue is replaced by connective tissue. This is called vascular remodeling. Loss of vision, peripheral atherosclerosis of the legs and other diseases are associated with these complex and irreversible consequences.

The brain

Bleeding causes nearly 25% of all strokes. And hypertension is the leading cause of bleeding, which has a high percentage of deaths. Insufficient blood supply to the brain leads to ischemic stroke. These complications account for more than 70% of cases. It is caused by narrowing of the cerebral arteries or blockage of the ducts by thrombus. Another pathology is hypertensive encephalopathy. This is a state of emergency, accompanied by severe headache, high blood pressure, neurological symptoms. If you have hypertension, then there is a chance of developing cognitive impairment and dementia. These are changes in subcortical material and atrophy of the brain, which are responsible for violations of thought processes.

kidney

One of the most common complications is microalbuminuria. Early signs of kidney damage and development of renal failure. Chronic renal failure is characterized by loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove metabolic products from the blood.

Diagnosis of the disease

Effective treatment of hypertension is possible only with early diagnosis and compliance with all rules and recommendations. Not always high blood pressure is an indicator of hypertension, it can be situational. And with repeated visits to the doctor is not detected. A pressure measurement may not reveal the disease: with recurrent symptoms, it is necessary to measure blood pressure in dynamics. After making a diagnosis, the doctor conducts a differential diagnosis to determine the symptomatic form of the disease.

Pressure measurement

To determine the extent and presence of the disease, dynamic stress measurements were used. It is carried out as follows: the atmosphere should be comfortable and calm. Measurements began no earlier than ten minutes after the start of patient admission. An hour before the visit, smoking, consuming any food and alcohol (tea, coffee, alcohol), any physical activity, use of eye or nasal drops are excluded. During the first treatment, blood pressure readings were taken from both hands of the patient, with a second measurement after 2 min.

With a reading difference of more than 5 mm Hg. continue the measurement on the arm with high pressure.

Treatment of hypertension

How to treat hypertension depends on the stage of the disease, complications, age and many other parameters. Medical treatment options are chosen by the treating physician. The desire to fight oneself with the disease can turn into a bad consequence. Modern treatment of hypertension begins with non -drug methods that increase the effectiveness of drugs several times. You need to start by setting a daily routine, eliminating any stress, do not forget about exercise and long walks. The important thing in dealing with hypertension is diet. Patients should reject or significantly reduce salt intake, drink less, completely eliminate alcoholic beverages and coffee. If you follow all the recommendations, you can avoid drug treatment of this disease.

In treatment, it is important not only how to deal with hypertension, but also how to eliminate the cause of high blood pressure.

Usually drugs are used for treatment:

• diuretics,
• Inhibitors
• Type 2 receptor antagonists
• Calcium channel blockers.

Blood pressure medication - by prescription only

homeopathic treatment

Given the question of how to get rid of hypertension, it is worth paying attention to homeopathic remedies. They are usually recommended when the target organ is already affected. Homeopathy for hypertension has an important advantage: a mild effect. The drug has no contraindications or side effects. The disadvantage is that treatment with homeopathic remedies is relatively slow. When choosing this method, consider:

• Homeopathic remedies are prescribed simultaneously with medicines,
• Combining medicine and a healthy lifestyle
• With average risk levels, this type is often the only one possible.

Treatment of patients in hypertension

Inpatient treatment is usually included with a complicated hypertensive crisis:

• Acute hypertensive encephalopathy,
• cardiac asthma,
• pulmonary edema,
• Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina and myocardial infarction),
• aortic aneurysm,
• Severe arterial bleeding
• Eclampsia.

After admission, the clinic doctor begins to carry out the main diagnostic actions:

• Every 15 minutes dynamic measurement of blood pressure,
• electrocardiography,
• General analysis of blood and urine,
• echocardiography,
• Biochemical analysis for the detection of potassium, sodium, urea, calcium, creatinine, fibrinogen, coagulogram,
• Ophthalmoscopy.

Also, the patient must be scheduled an appointment with a neurologist, Reberg test and rheoencephalography, as well as determine the type of cerebral hemodynamics. While in the hospital, inpatient treatment depends on the presence of complications, severity of attacks and other illnesses. First aid aims to reduce the activity of the left ventricle of the heart and eliminate symptoms such as:

• peripheral vasoconstriction,
• cerebral ischemia,
• Heart failure.

Of particular importance in the treatment of complicated seizures are the introduction of antihypertensive drugs, hospitalization in the ICU and regular blood pressure checks.

Non -drug treatments for hypertensive conditions include increased immunity, body cleansing, massage, gymnastics and diet. It is important to follow the doctor's instructions, and not violate the prescribed regimen.

How to live with hypertension

How long people live with hypertension is an important question for those who have been diagnosed. The consequences of the disease depend on the stage and nature of its course. Severe form, vascular damage, third stage of the disease and disorders of target organs worsen the prognosis. Premature death occurs as a result of heart attack and stroke, acute heart failure. Unfavorable prognosis for those who fall ill at an early age.

The life expectancy of hypertensive patients depends not only on the accuracy of medication intake and regular visits to the doctor, but also on personal attitude and adherence to basic rules. This includes:

• psychological climate,
• Diet,
• Physical training,
• No bad habits.

Another important condition is to understand the type of disease, how it develops and what the consequences are on the whole body. To understand the characteristics of the disease course, it is not necessary to have medical education. There are many great books and manuals written for ordinary people. One of them is "Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases" by A. Yakovlev. The book briefly and clearly outlines key provisions on hypertension, as well as the most popular treatment regimens for hypertension.

Psychological climate

After realizing how to treat hypertension and choosing a treatment method, you need to turn to an equally important issue - a healthy lifestyle. It is not impossible when working on night shifts, frequent quarrels, constant business trips and long distances, strong emotional stress, negative emotions, fear, anger. All these conditions are accompanied by the production of adrenaline in large quantities, which leads to disorders of the circulatory and nervous systems. It is important to control your emotions, think more positively, and exclude any sources of stress from your environment. Herbal tea, meditation, taking a walk, doing what you love will help in this.

By creating the most comfortable conditions around you, a person increases the chances of recovery.

Diet

Overweight and hypertension are incompatible. While there are no extra pounds, treatment begins with dietary correction. In the early stages, this is enough to control the stress and prevent its increase. There are several ways to lose weight with hypertension. The main one is calorie restriction. This can be achieved by eliminating or reducing the daily diet of sweet and fatty foods, flour products. Diet for weight loss should not be confused with fasting: it is forbidden for hypertensive patients. To lose weight and normalize blood pressure, you should also monitor the amount of animal fat in the diet. It is necessary to exclude foods rich in cholesterol as much as possible, as well as switch to low-fat types of fish, fruits and vegetables, and natural vegetable oils. It is worth leaving entirely sausages, lard, fried meatballs and fatty meats, butter, fatty cheeses.

Contraindications for hypertension - any drinks and foods that stimulate the nervous system. This includes not only tea, coffee and alcohol, but also carbonated beverages, hot spices, smelly spices.

It is important to include foods rich in potassium and magnesium in your diet. These elements have a beneficial effect on the heart muscle, strengthen the walls of blood vessels and the nervous system. Lots of potassium is found in:

• prun,
• apricot,
• cabbage,
• pumpkin,
• bananas.

Like magnesium:

• Wheat buckwheat, oats and millet,
• carrot,
• bit,
• Black grapes,
• Parsley and lettuce
• walnuts.

Important rule: this product should not be combined with milk. Calcium has a negative effect on elemental digestion.

Physical training

Complications of arterial hypertension and the disease itself do not mean the patient should give up any activity. Gymnastics, simple exercises, yoga or long walks, swimming are indicated for hypertensive patients. Movement not only carries a positive emotional load, but also helps to fight excess weight.

You should start with the simplest exercises, gradually increasing the time and complexity of the exercises. This also applies to swimming and walking.

Recovery for third -degree hypertension, as well as with complications such as hypertensive stroke, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, should take place only under the supervision of a physician. Usually, for rehabilitation, patients are sent to special resorts, to sanatorium treatment. Which includes various measures: proper nutrition, physical activity, medications.